{"id":763,"date":"2018-11-21T19:06:43","date_gmt":"2018-11-21T17:06:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/?p=763"},"modified":"2021-02-09T18:38:59","modified_gmt":"2021-02-09T16:38:59","slug":"socializing-infrastructures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/socializing-infrastructures\/","title":{"rendered":"Socializing Infrastructures #infraQA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Questions about \u2018how\u2019 to transition to an Open Science future<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button alignnone\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-color has-very-dark-gray-color has-background has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color\" href=\"\/wp\/category\/socializing-infrastructures\/\">Socializing Infrastructures<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover has-parallax alignfull is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/sick-1.jpg)\"><p class=\"wp-block-cover-text\">A GenR Theme<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Image: Google Maps glitch, Google Maps, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/permissions\/geoguidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Image: Google Maps glitch, Google Maps, Map data \u00a92018 Google, from the blog&nbsp;INTENSIVE PRODUCTION,&nbsp;https:\/\/conorintensiveproduction.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/09\/real-glitches\/ (opens in a new tab)\">Map data \u00a92018 Google<\/a>, from the blog&nbsp;INTENSIVE PRODUCTION,&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Image: Google Maps glitch,&nbsp;https:\/\/conorintensiveproduction.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/09\/real-glitches\/ (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/conorintensiveproduction.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/09\/real-glitches\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/conorintensiveproduction.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/09\/real-glitches\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\">GenR has an editorial theme on&nbsp;<strong>questions of \u2018Socializing Infrastructures\u2019 for Open Science<\/strong>. The theme will run over November and December 2018, with blogposts, visualizations, and conversations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-background has-very-dark-gray-color has-very-light-gray-background-color\">Join us on Twitter <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/gen_r_\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@gen_r_<\/a> and tweet your own Open Science infrastructure questions with the hashtag&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/search?f=tweets&amp;q=%23infraQA&amp;src=typd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#infraQA<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>What has drawn many people to the cause of Open Science is the idea of <strong>\u2018universal access to knowledge\u2019<\/strong> using the technologies of computing and digital networks to enable human knowledge to be in free circulation. At GenR we want to ask a number of questions about the <strong>\u2018how\u2019 to transition<\/strong> current scholarly systems to meet this inspiring idea of knowledge being freely available for all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For GenR we are grounding our questions in what is at hand to researchers today, the\u2014tools, methodologies, pedagogy, knowledge, and institutions, etc.\u2014and how these can form this new generation of Open Science infrastructures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To give some framing as to what is meant in the context of this GenR theme by Open Science infrastructures we have outlined two points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"list-content\"><li>Firstly, it\u2019s worth noting\twhy we are using the plural \u2018infrastructures\u2019, this is because\teach discipline has its own specific needs and practices, hence own\tspecialist systems. At the same time we can look for\tcommonalities about what is needed in those different\tinfrastructures when looking at questions of how to maximize\tbenefits.\t<\/li><li>Secondly, that\tinfrastructures are not just large scale technical structures or\tfacilities, but instead they can also be understood as complex\tmeshes of knowledge, practices, and technical systems. A notable\texample of this second point, in the context of Open Science\tinfrastructures, is <strong>\u2018software as infrastructure\u2019<\/strong>\t(<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Firstly, it\u2019s worth noting\twhy we are using the plural \u2018infrastructures\u2019, this is because\teach discipline has its own specific needs and practices, hence own\tspecialist systems. At the same time we can look for\tcommonalities about what is needed in those different\tinfrastructures when looking at questions of how to maximize\tbenefits.\t\u2028Secondly, that\tinfrastructures are not just large scale technical structures or\tfacilities, but instead they can also be understood as complex\tmeshes of knowledge, practices, and technical systems. A notable\texample of this second point, in the context of Open Science\tinfrastructures, is \u2018software as infrastructure\u2019\t(Hammitzsch 2017). Where software should not be thought of as a\tstatic \u2018product\u2019 but as a dynamic meshed assemblage, that in\tturn will have a \u2018life cycle\u2019, needing: shared ownership via\tfree and open source licensing, development methodologies,\tgovernance, co-creation, skilling of users with \u2018The Carpentries\u2019\t(\u2018The Carpentries\u2019 n.d.), and more. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gfz-potsdam.de\/en\/media-and-communication\/news\/details\/article\/interview-martin-hammitzsch-software-als-teil-der-infrastruktur-begreifen\/\" target=\"_blank\">Hammitzsch 2017<\/a>). Where software should not be thought of as a\tstatic \u2018product\u2019 but as a dynamic meshed assemblage, that in\tturn will have a \u2018life cycle\u2019, needing: shared ownership via\tfree and open source licensing, development methodologies,\tgovernance, co-creation, skilling of users with <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Firstly, it\u2019s worth noting\twhy we are using the plural \u2018infrastructures\u2019, this is because\teach discipline has its own specific needs and practices, hence own\tspecialist systems. At the same time we can look for\tcommonalities about what is needed in those different\tinfrastructures when looking at questions of how to maximize\tbenefits.\t\u2028Secondly, that\tinfrastructures are not just large scale technical structures or\tfacilities, but instead they can also be understood as complex\tmeshes of knowledge, practices, and technical systems. A notable\texample of this second point, in the context of Open Science\tinfrastructures, is \u2018software as infrastructure\u2019\t(Hammitzsch 2017). Where software should not be thought of as a\tstatic \u2018product\u2019 but as a dynamic meshed assemblage, that in\tturn will have a \u2018life cycle\u2019, needing: shared ownership via\tfree and open source licensing, development methodologies,\tgovernance, co-creation, skilling of users with \u2018The Carpentries\u2019\t(\u2018The Carpentries\u2019 n.d.), and more. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/carpentries.org\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u2018The Carpentries\u2019<\/a>\t(\u2018The Carpentries\u2019 n.d.), and more.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In terms of what the Open Science infrastructures should end up looking like, that is to be seen, but we have lots of pointers available: about the problems that exist currently in scholarship and its infrastructures, what the future could look like, and how it should be organized.Here are a few examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The problem space<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In reaction to <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"In reaction to Plan S and OpenAccess publishing (\u2018Science Europe \u2013 COAlition S\u2019 n.d.), (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scienceeurope.org\/coalition-s\/\" target=\"_blank\">Plan S<\/a> <\/strong>and <strong>OpenAccess<\/strong> publishing (\u2018Science Europe \u2013 COAlition S\u2019 n.d.),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>we are not talking of improving a well-functioning system, but of reforming a dysfunctional system that may not be self-correcting\u201d<\/p><cite><br><strong>(<a href=\"http:\/\/researchpracticesandtools.blogspot.com\/2018\/11\/how-strong-are-objections-to-plan-s.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"(Ribault2018) via&nbsp;Twitter&nbsp;(Tennant 2018) (opens in a new tab)\">Ribault2018<\/a>) via&nbsp;<\/strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Protohedgehog\/status\/1064488779270868992\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter&nbsp;<\/a><strong>(Tennant 2018)<\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>There are<strong> mixed approaches to free and open source software<\/strong> (FOSS) in tenders and grants. For example FOSS is not mandated in European Commission (EC) tenders, like the tender for the Open Research Europe platform for Open Access publishing, but instead the EC has a positive FOSS strategy.&nbsp;(<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"There are mixed approaches tofree and open source software (FOSS) in tenders and grants. Forexample FOSS is not mandated in European Commission (EC) tenders,like the tender for the Open Research Europe platform for Open Accesspublishing, but instead the EC has a positive FOSS strategy(\u2018Open Source Software Strategy\u2019 n.d.). Funders like the GermanFederal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) give largermatch funding to FOSS projects (BMBF-Internetredaktion n.d.). Andvarious agencies mandate all software be FOSS, such as in theBarcelona Digital City policy of the major Ada Colau asoutlined in the Open &amp; Agile Digital Transformation Toolkit(Barcelona Digital City 2017). (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/departments\/informatics\/open-source-software-strategy_en\" target=\"_blank\">\u2018Open Source Software Strategy\u2019 n.d.<\/a>) Funders like the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) give larger match funding to FOSS projects. (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"There are mixed approaches tofree and open source software (FOSS) in tenders and grants. Forexample FOSS is not mandated in European Commission (EC) tenders,like the tender for the Open Research Europe platform for Open Accesspublishing, but instead the EC has a positive FOSS strategy(\u2018Open Source Software Strategy\u2019 n.d.). Funders like the GermanFederal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) give largermatch funding to FOSS projects (BMBF-Internetredaktion n.d.). Andvarious agencies mandate all software be FOSS, such as in theBarcelona Digital City policy of the major Ada Colau asoutlined in the Open &amp; Agile Digital Transformation Toolkit(Barcelona Digital City 2017). (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bmbf.de\/foerderungen\/bekanntmachung-2082.html\" target=\"_blank\">BMBF-Internetredaktion n.d.<\/a>) And various agencies mandate all software be FOSS, such as in the Barcelona Digital City policy of the major Ada Colau as outlined in the <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"There are mixed approaches tofree and open source software (FOSS) in tenders and grants. Forexample FOSS is not mandated in European Commission (EC) tenders,like the tender for the Open Research Europe platform for Open Accesspublishing, but instead the EC has a positive FOSS strategy(\u2018Open Source Software Strategy\u2019 n.d.). Funders like the GermanFederal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) give largermatch funding to FOSS projects (BMBF-Internetredaktion n.d.). Andvarious agencies mandate all software be FOSS, such as in theBarcelona Digital City policy of the major Ada Colau asoutlined in the Open &amp; Agile Digital Transformation Toolkit(Barcelona Digital City 2017). (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/ajuntament.barcelona.cat\/digital\/en\/digital-transformation\/technology-for-a-better-government\/transformation-with-agile-methodology\" target=\"_blank\">Open &amp; Agile Digital Transformation Toolkit&nbsp;<\/a><\/em>(Barcelona Digital City 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then there is the issues of<strong> how metrics and incentives are damaging scholarship<\/strong>, see \u201cAcademic Research in the 21st Century: Maintaining the Scientific Integrity in a Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition\u201d (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Then there is the issues of howmetrics and incentives are damaging scholarship, see \u201cAcademicResearch in the 21st Century: Maintaining the Scientific Integrity ina Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition\u201d (Edwards andRoy 2017). (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/gcp2hf\" target=\"_blank\">Edwards and Roy 2017<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And how for a long time scholarly communications has woefully lagged behind available technology. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>the linearinformation chain is being fundamentally transformed into aninteractive communication network\u2026 A starting point is that ourcurrent policies and practices in science and communication are notideal for an optimal exchange and refinement of our knowledge<\/p><cite>\u201cForces andFunctions in Scientific Communication\u201d(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.physik.uni-oldenburg.de\/conferences\/crisp97\/roosendaal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"\u201cForces andFunctions in Scientific Communication\u201d(Roosendaal and Geurts 1997) (opens in a new tab)\">Roosendaal and Geurts 1997<\/a>)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Possibilities for what will the future look like AKA \u2018the new normal\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In Open Access, from part of a discussion session at FORCE11 in Berlin 2017 <strong>two alternate futures were put forward for publishing futures. Scenario 1: The Big Flip, and Scenario 2: A Public Open Access Infrastructure<\/strong>, as featured in the <em>LSE Impact Blog<\/em> posting \u201cJournal Flipping or a Public Open Access Infrastructure? What Kind of Open Access Future Do We Want?\u201d (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"In Open Access, from part ofa discussion session at FORCE11 in Berlin 2017 two alternate futureswere put forward for publishing futures. Scenario 1: The Big Flip,and Scenario 2: A Public Open Access Infrastructure, as featuresin the LSE Impact Blog posting \u201cJournal Flipping or a PublicOpen Access Infrastructure? What Kind of Open Access Future Do WeWant?\u201d (Ross-Hellauer and Fecher 2017) (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/impactofsocialsciences\/2017\/10\/26\/journal-flipping-or-a-public-open-access-infrastructure-what-kind-of-open-access-future-do-we-want\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ross-Hellauer and Fecher 2017<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And for scholarly communications&nbsp;in general Herbert Van de Sompel speculates about how to <strong>move beyond data silos<\/strong> using W3C Social Web and Linked Data Activities technologies (<a href=\"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/an-interview-with-sarven-capadisli-on-autonomous-linked-research\/\">Worthington 2018<\/a>) in his presentation \u201cScholarly Communication: Deconstruct &amp; Decentralize?\u201d (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"And for scholarly communicationsin general Herbert Van de Sompel speculates about how to movebeyond data silos using W3C Social Web and Linked Data Activitiestechnologies (Worthington 2018) in his presentation \u201cScholarlyCommunication: Deconstruct &amp; Decentralize?\u201d (Van de Sompel2017) (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o4nUe-6Ln-8\" target=\"_blank\">Van de Sompel2017<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Scholarly Communication: Deconstruct &amp; Decentralize?\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/o4nUe-6Ln-8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Credit: Van de Sompel, Scholarly Communication: Deconstruct &amp; Decentralize? 2017<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o4nUe-6Ln-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o4nUe-6Ln-8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A note on technical organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong>definition of the Decentralized Web<\/strong> (DWeb) and guide to its application from the 2017 paper&#8221;Systematizing Decentralization and Privacy&#8221; give a clear and well-grounded guide as to the technical organization of scholarly infrastructures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Decentralized system:<\/p><p><em>A distributed system in which multiple authorities control different components and no single authority is fully trusted by all others.<\/em><\/p><cite>(<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"(Troncoso et al.2017, 308) (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1704.08065\" target=\"_blank\">Troncoso et al. 2017, 308<\/a>)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These are some of the questions that GenR has been formulating to explore how Open Science infrastructures can become \u2018the new normal\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\"><strong>Join us on Twitter&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/gen_r_\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@gen_r_<\/a>&nbsp;and tweet your own Open Science infrastructure questions with the hashtag&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/search?f=tweets&amp;q=%23infraQ&amp;src=typd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/search?f=tweets&amp;q=%23infraQA&amp;src=typd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infraQA<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"list-content\"><li>What are the forms of\tgovernance, ownership, coordination, and communication needed for\tOpen Science infrastructures?\t<\/li><li>What tools and\tinfrastructures available at hand to researchers now will become\tpart of the new systems?\t<\/li><li>What are the skills and\tpractices needed by researchers, that can be passed onto colleagues\tand follower that will enable sustainability? (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"What are the forms of\tgovernance, ownership, coordination, and communication needed for\tOpen Science infrastructures?\t\u2028What tools and\tinfrastructures available at hand to researchers now will become\tpart of the new systems?\t\u2028What are the skills and\tpractices needed by researchers, that can be passed onto colleagues\tand follower that will enable sustainability? (Hammitzsch and\tW\u00e4chter 2015)\t\u2028What is meant by \u2018software\tas infrastructure\u2019 and what impact will the adoption of the idea\thave on science and scholarly practices, and quality and types of\tresearch results?\t\u2028What are the business and\teconomic models, and economic impacts of new formulations of systems\tguided by the ideas of \u2018Socializing Infrastructures\u2019? And what\tcan be learned from other sectors such as the push back against the\tcommercial sharing economy platforms of the likes of Uber, or\tAirbnb, such as in the movement of Platform Cooperativism to\tprovide an alternative model to Platform Capitalism? (Scholz 2016)\t(Scholz and Schneider 2017)\t\u2028What can speed up the pace of\tchange in moving to Open Science infrastructures? Is it: scholarly\tactivism; technological changes and practices, like automation and\t\u2018Infrastructure-as-code\u2019 reducing costs and increasing\tdevelopment cycles; or\/and mandates and policies; or government\tnationalization and\/or big investment; new skills and practices; or\tbetter communications?\t\u2028What\u2019s missing in\tinfrastructures? What are \u2018the known unknowns\u2019, and how do we\tfind \u2018the unknown, unknowns\u2019? (Rumsfeld 1992)\t\u2028A perplexing question. Why is\tthe realization and implementation of Open Science infrastructures\thappening so slowly? When there is so much, almost frenzied,\tactivity going on in Open Science from top-down institutional\tprogrammes and bottom-up initiatives, almost to the point of\tbursting. What is holding back the work? (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.35360\" target=\"_blank\">Hammitzsch and\tW\u00e4chter 2015<\/a>)\t<\/li><li>What is meant by \u2018software\tas infrastructure\u2019 and what impact will the adoption of the idea\thave on science and scholarly practices, and quality and types of\tresearch results?\t<\/li><li>What are the business and\teconomic models, and economic impacts of new formulations of systems\tguided by the ideas of \u2018Socializing Infrastructures\u2019? And what\tcan be learned from other sectors such as the push back against the\tcommercial sharing economy platforms of the likes of Uber, or\tAirbnb, such as in the movement of <em>Platform Cooperativism <\/em>to\tprovide an alternative model to Platform Capitalism? (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rosalux-nyc.org\/wp-content\/files_mf\/scholz_platformcoop_5.9.2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scholz 2016<\/a>)\t(<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"What are the forms of\tgovernance, ownership, coordination, and communication needed for\tOpen Science infrastructures?\t\u2028What tools and\tinfrastructures available at hand to researchers now will become\tpart of the new systems?\t\u2028What are the skills and\tpractices needed by researchers, that can be passed onto colleagues\tand follower that will enable sustainability? (Hammitzsch and\tW\u00e4chter 2015)\t\u2028What is meant by \u2018software\tas infrastructure\u2019 and what impact will the adoption of the idea\thave on science and scholarly practices, and quality and types of\tresearch results?\t\u2028What are the business and\teconomic models, and economic impacts of new formulations of systems\tguided by the ideas of \u2018Socializing Infrastructures\u2019? And what\tcan be learned from other sectors such as the push back against the\tcommercial sharing economy platforms of the likes of Uber, or\tAirbnb, such as in the movement of Platform Cooperativism to\tprovide an alternative model to Platform Capitalism? (Scholz 2016)\t(Scholz and Schneider 2017)\t\u2028What can speed up the pace of\tchange in moving to Open Science infrastructures? Is it: scholarly\tactivism; technological changes and practices, like automation and\t\u2018Infrastructure-as-code\u2019 reducing costs and increasing\tdevelopment cycles; or\/and mandates and policies; or government\tnationalization and\/or big investment; new skills and practices; or\tbetter communications?\t\u2028What\u2019s missing in\tinfrastructures? What are \u2018the known unknowns\u2019, and how do we\tfind \u2018the unknown, unknowns\u2019? (Rumsfeld 1992)\t\u2028A perplexing question. Why is\tthe realization and implementation of Open Science infrastructures\thappening so slowly? When there is so much, almost frenzied,\tactivity going on in Open Science from top-down institutional\tprogrammes and bottom-up initiatives, almost to the point of\tbursting. What is holding back the work? (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orbooks.com\/catalog\/ours-to-hack-and-to-own\/\" target=\"_blank\">Scholz and Schneider 2017<\/a>)\t<\/li><li>What can speed up the pace of\tchange in moving to Open Science infrastructures? Is it: scholarly\tactivism; technological changes and practices, like automation and\t\u2018Infrastructure-as-code\u2019 reducing costs and increasing\tdevelopment cycles; or\/and mandates and policies; or government\tnationalization and\/or big investment; new skills and practices; or\tbetter communications?\t<\/li><li>What\u2019s missing in\tinfrastructures? What are \u2018the known unknowns\u2019, and how do we\tfind \u2018the unknown, unknowns\u2019? (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GiPe1OiKQuk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"What are the forms of\tgovernance, ownership, coordination, and communication needed for\tOpen Science infrastructures?\t\u2028What tools and\tinfrastructures available at hand to researchers now will become\tpart of the new systems?\t\u2028What are the skills and\tpractices needed by researchers, that can be passed onto colleagues\tand follower that will enable sustainability? (Hammitzsch and\tW\u00e4chter 2015)\t\u2028What is meant by \u2018software\tas infrastructure\u2019 and what impact will the adoption of the idea\thave on science and scholarly practices, and quality and types of\tresearch results?\t\u2028What are the business and\teconomic models, and economic impacts of new formulations of systems\tguided by the ideas of \u2018Socializing Infrastructures\u2019? And what\tcan be learned from other sectors such as the push back against the\tcommercial sharing economy platforms of the likes of Uber, or\tAirbnb, such as in the movement of Platform Cooperativism to\tprovide an alternative model to Platform Capitalism? (Scholz 2016)\t(Scholz and Schneider 2017)\t\u2028What can speed up the pace of\tchange in moving to Open Science infrastructures? Is it: scholarly\tactivism; technological changes and practices, like automation and\t\u2018Infrastructure-as-code\u2019 reducing costs and increasing\tdevelopment cycles; or\/and mandates and policies; or government\tnationalization and\/or big investment; new skills and practices; or\tbetter communications?\t\u2028What\u2019s missing in\tinfrastructures? What are \u2018the known unknowns\u2019, and how do we\tfind \u2018the unknown, unknowns\u2019? (Rumsfeld 1992)\t\u2028A perplexing question. Why is\tthe realization and implementation of Open Science infrastructures\thappening so slowly? When there is so much, almost frenzied,\tactivity going on in Open Science from top-down institutional\tprogrammes and bottom-up initiatives, almost to the point of\tbursting. What is holding back the work? (opens in a new tab)\">Rumsfeld 1992<\/a>)\t<\/li><li>A perplexing question. Why is\tthe realization and implementation of Open Science infrastructures\thappening so slowly? When there is so much, almost frenzied,\tactivity going on in Open Science from top-down institutional\tprogrammes and bottom-up initiatives, almost to the point of\tbursting. What is holding back the work?<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Thanks to Sarven Capadisli and Karmen Condic-Jurkic for their insights and pointers to literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hammitzsch, Martin. \u2018Interview | Martin Hammitzsch \u2013 &#8220;Understanding Software as Part of the Infrastructure&#8221;\u2019, 11 May 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gfz-potsdam.de\/en\/media-and-communication\/news\/details\/article\/interview-martin-hammitzsch-software-als-teil-der-infrastruktur-begreifen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.gfz-potsdam.de\/en\/media-and-communication\/news\/details\/article\/interview-martin-hammitzsch-software-als-teil-der-infrastruktur-begreifen\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018The Carpentries\u2019. The Carpentries. Accessed 21 November 2018.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/carpentries.org\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/carpentries.org\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018Science Europe \u2013 COAlition S\u2019. Accessed 20 November 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scienceeurope.org\/coalition-s\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scienceeurope.org\/coalition-s\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\n  European Commission. \u2018Open Source Software Strategy\u2019. Text. European Commission &#8211; European Commission. Accessed 3 July 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/departments\/informatics\/open-source-software-strategy_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/departments\/informatics\/open-source-software-strategy_en<\/a>.\n  \n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ribault, Sylvain. \u2018Research Practices and Tools: How Strong Are the Objections to Plan S?\u2019 Research Practices and Tools (blog), 17 November 2018.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/researchpracticesandtools.blogspot.com\/2018\/11\/how-strong-are-objections-to-plan-s.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/researchpracticesandtools.blogspot.com\/2018\/11\/how-strong-are-objections-to-plan-s.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tennant, Jon. \u2018Further Discussion of the Open Letter Criticising #Plan_S, by Sylvain Ribault http:\/\/Researchpracticesandtools.Blogspot.Com\/2018\/11\/How-Strong-Are-Objections-to-Plan-s.html&nbsp;\u2026 I Am Still of the View That, Wherever You Fall on Plan S, There Are Deeper Systemic Issues within Scholarly Publishing That Need to Be Addressed https:\/\/Zenodo.Org\/Record\/1472045#.W_KkX-J7RPY&nbsp;\u2026\u2019.Tweet. @Protohedgehog (blog), 19 November 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Protohedgehog\/status\/1064488779270868992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/Protohedgehog\/status\/1064488779270868992<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BMBF-Internetredaktion.\u2018Bekanntmachung &#8211; BMBF\u2019. Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung undForschung &#8211; BMBF. Accessed 20 November 2018.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmbf.de\/foerderungen\/bekanntmachung-2082.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.bmbf.de\/foerderungen\/bekanntmachung-2082.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018Open &amp; Agile Digital Transformation Toolkit\u2019. Text. Barcelona Digital City, 15 May 2017.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/ajuntament.barcelona.cat\/digital\/en\/digital-transformation\/technology-for-a-better-government\/transformation-with-agile-methodology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/ajuntament.barcelona.cat\/digital\/en\/digital-transformation\/technology-for-a-better-government\/transformation-with-agile-methodology<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Edwards, Marc A., and Siddhartha Roy. \u2018Academic Research in the 21st Century: Maintaining Scientific Integrity in a Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition\u2019. Environmental Engineering Science 34, no. 1 (1 January 2017): 51\u201361.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/gcp2hf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10\/gcp2hf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\n  Roosendaal, Hans E., and Peter A. Th. M. Geurts. \u2018Forces and Functions in Scientific Communication\u2019, 1997. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physik.uni-oldenburg.de\/conferences\/crisp97\/roosendaal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.physik.uni-oldenburg.de\/conferences\/crisp97\/roosendaal.html<\/a>.\n  \n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ross-Hellauer, Tony, and Benedikt Fecher. \u2018Journal Flipping or a Public Open Access Infrastructure? What Kind of Open Access Future Do We Want?\u2019 Impact of Social Sciences (blog), 26 October 2017.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/impactofsocialsciences\/2017\/10\/26\/journal-flipping-or-a-public-open-access-infrastructure-what-kind-of-open-access-future-do-we-want\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/impactofsocialsciences\/2017\/10\/26\/journal-flipping-or-a-public-open-access-infrastructure-what-kind-of-open-access-future-do-we-want\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Worthington, Simon. \u2018An Interview with Sarven Capadisli, Dokieli-Developer, on Autonomous Linked Research\u2019. Text. https:\/\/Genr.Eu\/Wp\/ (blog), 26 October 2018.<a href=\"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/an-interview-with-sarven-capadisli-on-autonomous-linked-research\/\">https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/an-interview-with-sarven-capadisli-on-autonomous-linked-research\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Van de Sompel, Herbert. Scholarly Communication: Deconstruct &amp; Decentralize? Washington, DC: CNI: Coalition for Networked Information, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o4nUe-6Ln-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o4nUe-6Ln-8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Troncoso, Carmela, Marios Isaakidis, George Danezis, and Harry Halpin. \u2018Systematizing Decentralization and Privacy: Lessons from 15 Years of Research and Deployments\u2019. pp308, ArXiv:1704.08065 [Cs], 26 April 2017.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1704.08065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1704.08065<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hammitzsch, Martin, and Joachim W\u00e4chter. \u2018Relevance and Challenges Regarding Research Software Sustainability\u2019. Zenodo, 14 December 2015.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.35360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.35360<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scholz, Trebor. \u2018Platform Cooperativism\u2019, 2016.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rosalux-nyc.org\/wp-content\/files_mf\/scholz_platformcoop_5.9.2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.rosalux-nyc.org\/wp-content\/files_mf\/scholz_platformcoop_5.9.2016.pdf&nbsp;<\/a>and Scholz, Trebor, and Nathan Schneider. Ours to Hack and to Own:The Rise of Platform Cooperativism, a New Vision for the Future of Work and a Fairer Internet. New York, NY: OR Books, 2017,&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Scholz, Trebor. \u2018PlatformCooperativism\u2019, 2016.http:\/\/www.rosalux-nyc.org\/wp-content\/files_mf\/scholz_platformcoop_5.9.2016.pdfand Scholz, Trebor, and Nathan Schneider. Ours to Hack and to Own:The Rise of Platform Cooperativism, a New Vision for the Future ofWork and a Fairer Internet. New York, NY: OR Books, 2017,&nbsp;https:\/\/www.orbooks.com\/catalog\/ours-to-hack-and-to-own\/&nbsp; (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orbooks.com\/catalog\/ours-to-hack-and-to-own\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.orbooks.com\/catalog\/ours-to-hack-and-to-own\/&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rumsfeld, Donald. Donald Rumsfeld Unknown Unknowns\u202f!, 1992.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GiPe1OiKQuk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GiPe1OiKQuk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-accordion gb-block-accordion gb-font-size-18\"><details open><summary class=\"gb-accordion-title\">\t\t\t<p>DOI: 10.25815\/<\/p>5BZS-F382\t\t<\/summary><div class=\"gb-accordion-text\">\n<p>Citation format:&nbsp;<em>The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition<\/em> <br><br>Generation R. \u201cSocializing Infrastructures #InfraQA: Questions About \u2018How\u2019 to Transition to an Open Science Future,\u201d 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25815\/5BZS-F382\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25815\/5BZS-F382<\/a>.<br><\/p>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>GenR theme asking questions about \u2018how\u2019 to transition to Open Science infrastructures. What can researchers make use of and how to get involved in shaping their future. Covering: software as infrastructure, governance, tools, methodologies, pedagogy, knowledge, &#038; institutions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":"","_wordproof_timestamp":false},"categories":[211,5,11],"tags":[31,210,209,25,23,34,115,28,170,207,15,206,13,169,24,204,22,19,208,105,205],"cc_featured_image_caption":{"caption_text":false,"source_text":false,"source_url":false},"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"Gen R","author_link":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/author\/genr\/"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/763"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=763"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/763\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=763"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=763"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/genr.interpunct.dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=763"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}